Unit - I

• Transport: Meaning & Significance
• Nature of Railway Undertaking
• Railways and the Laws of Returns
• Indian Railways before 1950
• Indian Railways after 1950
• Railway Finances
• Administration, Control & Problems of Indian Railways

Unit - II

• Road Transport: Nature & Significance
• Rates & Fares in Road Transport
• Development of Roads in India
• Rural & Urban Transport in Indian Economy
• Taxation of Motor Transport in India
• Current Problems of Motor Transport in India

Unit - III

• Water Transport: Nature & Significance
• Indian Shipping: Before & After Independence
• Port Developments & Problems of Shipping

Unit - IV

• Air Transport: Nature & Significance
• Economics of Air Transport
• Civil Aviation in India: Before 1953 & Recent Developments

Unit - V

• Transport Policy & Coordination

• John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)
• Utilitariasnism : Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832)
• The Historical School : Roscher; Hilderbrand; Karl knies & Gustav Schmoller
• The Nationalistic Critics : Adam Muller & Friedrich List
• The Socialist Critics : Sismondi; St. Simon & Simonians
• Utopian & Associative Socialists
• Nature and Significance of the Subject
• Ancient Economic Thought
• Economic Thought in Ancient India
• Medieval Economic Thought
• Mercentalism
• Physiocracy
• Classical School : Adam Smith
• The Followers of Smith : T. R. Malthus
• David Ricardo (1772-1823)
• J. B. Say (1767 - 1832)
• Bastiat & Senior
• Scientific Socialism : Karl Marx
• Collaborators and Followers of Marxism : Friedrich Engels; Kaul Kautsky; Louis Bouding Rudolf Hilberding
• State Socialism : Rodbertus & Lassalle
• Fabian Socialism : George Bernald Shaw & Sidney Webb
• Features, Forms & Characteristics of Socialism
• Features of Capitalism & Mixed Economy
• Institutional School : Veblen & Mitchell
• Marginal School & Austrians : Gossen; Stanley Jevons; Karl Menger; Von Wieser & Eugen Von Bohm - Bawerk
• Neo-classical Economics : Alfred Marshall
• Welfare Economics : Hobson : Pigou : Pareto & Hicks
• Indifference Curve Analysis (Cardinal Vs. Ordinal)
• Keynesian Revolution
• Modern Economic Thought (U.K.); Hawtrey; Robertson; Lionel Robbins and Joan Robinson
• Modern Economic Thought (U.S.A) : J. B. Clark, Taussig, Irving Fishing, Schumpeter, Ragnar Nurkes & Galbraith
• Other Economic Thinkers: Wicksteed; Wicksell & Edgeworth
• Development of Economic Theories
• Contributions of Nobel Economists
• Economic Thought in Modern India
• Indira Gandhi and S.A.A.R.C.
• Regionalism: C.N. Annadurai and E.V. Ramasami

• PART I - INTRODUCTION
• Definitions
• Economic Analysis
• Micro Economics
• Economic Systems
• Concepts and Classification of Models
• PART II – THEORY OF DEMAND
• Consumer Behavior
• Indifference Curve Analysis (Ordinal)
• Revealed Preference Theory
• Elasticity of Demand and Supply
• Consumer’s Surplus
• PART III – FACTORS AND THEORY OF PRODUCTION
• Land and Capital
• Labour and Organization
• Theory of Production Laws of Returns
• Production Function and Returns to Scale
• Theories of Population
• Specialization and Scale of Production
• PART IV – THEORY OF PRODUCT PRICING
• Theory of Value and Market Forms
• Cost and Revenue
• Equilibrium of the firm and Industry
• Perfect Competition
• Monopoly and Price Discrimination
• Monopolistic Competition
• Oligopoly and Duopoly
• Bargaining and Bilateral Monopoly
• Speculation
• PART V – THEORY OF FACTOR PRICING
• Theory of Distribution
• Rent
• Wages
• Interest
• Profit
• Question Bank
• Section A - Objective Type Questions
• Section B - Analytical Type Questions
• Section C – Essay Type Questions

• Problems for Practice
• BBA and B.Com Periyar University
• B.Com Tiruvalluvar University
• B.Com Non-Semester Madras University
• Past University Exam Papers
• B.Com Semester – Madras University
• Definition and scope of Economics
• Methods : Micro and Macro
• Economic Growth and Economic Development
• Role of Economics in Business Decisions
• Economic System and resource Allocation
• Utility Analysis of Demand
• Demand Analysis and Elasticity of Demand
• Indifference Curve Analysis (Ordinal)
• Consumer's Surplus
• Demand Forecasting
• Factors of Production
• Law of Returns & Production Function
• Supply and Elasticity of Supply
• Linear Programming
• Cost, Revenue & Break-Even Analysis
• Theory of Value and Market Structure
• Equilibrium of the Firm and Industry
• Perfect Competition
• Monopoly and Price Discrimination
• Monopolistic Competition
• Oligopoly and Duopoly
• Price Policy & Pricing Methods
• Theory of Distribution
• Theories of Rent
• Wages
• Interest
• Profit
• National Income
• Business Cycle
• International Trade
• Public Finance
• Contributions of Nobel Economists

• International Economics : Nature, Scope and Importance
• Salient Features and Advantages of International Trade
• Basic Analytical Tools
• The Classical Theory of International Trade : Adam Smith and David Ricardo : Cost Advantages Theories

• International Economics: Nature, Scope and Importance
• Salient Features and Advantages of International Trade
• Basic Analytical Tools
• The Classical Theory of International Trade: Adam Smith and David Ricardo: Cost Advantages Theories

• Introducing Economics
• Definition & Scope of the Subject
• Wants and their Satisfaction (Utility Analysis)
• Factors of Production
• Labour & Organisation
• Laws of Returns
• Size, Location and Location of Business
• Mechanization and Technology Combination
• Demand and Supply
• Consumer Behaviour
• Cost, Output and Revenue
• Competition, Pricing and Monopoly Control
• Profits & Aims of Business Firms
• Impact of Taxes and Price Regulation
• National Income & Expenditure
• Employment Level
• Inflation and Trade Cycle
• Government and the Economy
• Public Finance & Principles of Taxation
• International Trade & Balance of Payments
• Controls & Devaluation
• International Monetary System and Institutions
• The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
• Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
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• Objectives of Business Firms
• Demand Analysis
• Indifference Curve Analysis
• Elasticity of Demand
• Production Function & Supply
• Cost & Revenue : Break - Even Point
• Market Structure and Pricing
• Pricing Under Perfect Competition
• Monopoly and Price Discrimination
• Monopolistic Competition
• Oligopoly & Duopoly
• Pricing in Public Utilies & Control
• Theory of Distribution
• Pricing of Labour and Capital
• Profit
• Economic Systems
• National Income & Inequalities of Income
• Employment and Trade
• Government and Business - I (Economic)
• Government and Business -II (Monetary, Fiscal & Social

• Indian Money Market
• The State Bank of India
• Co-operative Banking of India
• Underdevelopment and Growth: Features, Causes and Concepts
• Strategies of Development & Growth
• Indian Economy at the Time of Independence
• Resources & Development
• Human Resources & Population Problem
• National Income and Per Capital Income
• Role of State and Role of Planning Commission in Development
• Planning: Objectives & Strategies
• Five-Year Plans of India: Plas I to VI
• Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-1990)
• Eight Five-Year Plan (1992-1997)
• Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002)
• Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-2007)
• Capital Formation
• Critical Evalution of Planning Process and Performance
• Poverty and Inequality
• Work-Force and Occupational Structure
• Agriculture and Economic Development
• Agricultual Problems and Productivity
• Agricultural Crops and Crop Pattern
• Land Reforms
• Agricultural Inputs & Methods
• Live Stock Resources & Mechanisation of Agriculture
• Green Revolution
• Agricultural Finance
• Agricultural Marketing adn Warehousing
• Agricultural Prices, Policy, Food Problem & Food Security
• Agricultural Labour
• Agriculture under the Plans and Agricultural Policy
• Rural Development & Modernisation of Indian Agriculture
• National Agricultural Policy 2000
• Industrialisation: Role, Pattern & Development during Planning Period
• Industrial Policy
• Mixed Economy: Public Sector and Private Sector
• Large Scale Industries and their Problems
• Small-Scale and Cottage Industries & Technology
• Industrial Sickness in India
• Industrial Finance
• Industrial Monopoly and Multinational Corporations
• Transport
• State Trading & Internal Trade
• The Foreign Trade of India
• Balance of Trade & Balance of Payments
• Labour and Industrial Peace
• Trade Unionism in India
• Umemployment Problem
• Indian Monetary System
• Indian Banking System
• Reserve Bank of India
• Brain Drain
• MSMEs Policy of Government of Tamilnadu 2008
• Budgets
• New Economic Policy: Liberalisation; Privatisation & Globalisation
• G.A.T.T. Uruguay Round & W.T.O.(TRIPs & TRIMs)
• Infrastructure for Economic Development
• Public Finance: Fiscal Policy in the Liberalised Era
• Regional Development Disparities & Social Justice
• A Brief Comparative Study of some of the Economies of Asia

• Features of Indian Rural Economy
• Place, Importance and Role of Agriculture in Economic Development, with Special Features
• Backwardness & Low Productivity
• Measures for the Development of Agriculture (Policies and Practices)
• Progress of Agriculture During the plan period
• Agricultural Labour : (Meaning; Wages & Income Measures to Improve their Conditions)
• Green Revolution
• Mechanisation of Agriculture (Problems & Prospects)
• Agricultural Marketing
• Agricultural Prices & Price Commission : (Minimum Prices & Procurement Policy)
• Land Reforms : (Tenurial System & Tenancy Legislations)
• Agricultural Finance – I (Rural Indebtedness : Causes, Consequences; Measures and Role of Cooperative Societies)
• Role of Commercial Banks; Reserve Bank of India, ARDC, RRBs and NABARD in Rural Credit

• Evolution and Functions of Money
• Forms and Kinds of Money
• The Demand for and Supply of Money
• Value of Money
• Money Supply and Price level
• Business Cycles or Trade Cycles
• Inflation and Deflation
• Rate of Interest
• Commercial Banking
• Central Banking and Reserve Bank of India
• Credit Control
• Indian Banking System
• Monetary Policy
• Reserve Bank and Financial Institutions
• Non-Banking Financial Institutions
• Mutual Funds
• Economic Growth and Stagnation
• Monetary Standards
• Balance of Payments
• Foreign Exchange : Problems and Policies
• International Monetary Fund and S.D.R.
• International Liquidity and Debt
• Central Banking in U.K. and U.S.A.
• Euro Currency
• Concepts of Baumol, Gurley and Shaw
• Glossary
• Question Bank : Review Questions in ABC Pattern

• Definition, Scope & Fundamental Concepts
• Firm's Objectives and the Role of Managerial Economist
• Basic Concepts of Consumption and Utility Analysis
• Demand Determinants (Demand Function)
• Demand Distinctions
• Demand Forecasting Techniques
• Production Function and Laws of Production
• Supply Factor and Economies of Scale
• Costs: Concepts and Classifications
• Cost-output Relationship (Cost-function)
• Break-Even Analysis
• Cost Control & Optiomum Firm
• Market Structure and Competitions
• Pricing and Output Decisions
• Pricing Methods
• Specific Pricing Problems
• Theory and Nature of Profit
• Measurement of Profit
• Profit Policies, Planning and Forecasting
• Capital Budgeting
• Cost of Capital
• Project Profitability
• Managerial Decision making
• Linear Programming
• Game Theory
• Business Cycle and Business Policy
• National Income
• Detrmination of Income and Multiplier
• Social Accounting and Input-output Analysis
• Monetary and Fiscal Policies
• Economic Planning and MRTP Act
• Industrial Policy
• The Consumer
• More about Product Pricing and Differential Pricing
• Measurement of Economic Concentration
• Optimization Technique : Simplex Method in LPP
• Foreign Invesment
• Appendix – Case Studies

• Definitions
• Economic Analysis
• Micro Economics
• Economic Systems
• Concepts & Classification of Models
• Consumer Behaviour
• Indifference Curve Analysis (Ordinal)
• Revealed Preference Theory
• Elasticity of Demand & Supply
• Consumer's Surplus
• Land & Capital
• Labour and Organisation
• Theory of Production Laws of Returns
• Production Function and Returns to Scale
• Theories of Population
• Specialisation and Scale of Production
• Theory of Value and Market Forms
• Cost and Revenue
• Equilibrium of the Firm and Industry
• Perfect Competition
• Monopoly and Price Discrimination
• Monopolistic Competition
• Oligopoly and Duopoly
• Bargaining and Bilateral Monopoly
• Speculation
• Theory of Distribution
• Rent
• Wages
• Interest
• Profit
• Keynesian Economics
• National Income and Inequalities of Income
• International Trade
• Public Finance
• Economic Planning
• Welfare Economics
• Money and Banking

• Definition and Scope of the Subject
• Public Finance and Private Finance
• Public Authority
• Public Revenue
• The Revenue Goal: Objectives of Taxation
• Canons of Taxation
• Theories and Pinciples of Taxation
• Incidence of Taxation & Burden Shifting
• Effect of Taxation
• Taxable Capacity
• Income Tax
• Expenditure Tax
• Taxes on Capital and Wealth
• Taxes on Commodites
• MANVAT and MODVAT Schemes
• Taxation on Agricultural Incomes
• Non-Tax Revenue
• Public Expenditure
• Maximum Social Advantage (The Principle of Public Finance)
• Public Debt
• The Budget and Financial Administration
• Fiscal Policy
• Federal Finance
• Finance Commissions
• Railway Finances
• Finance of State Governments
• Local Finance
• Public Enterprises: Performance & Pricing
• Indian Tax System: Recent Trends in Public Finance
• More About Public Expenditure: (Law, Hypothesis and Views)
• The Theory of Private & Social Goods: Externalities & Market Failure
• Pareto's Concept: Social Welfare: Efficiency and Externality
• The Eleventh Finance Commission
• The Twelfth Finance Commission
• Analysis of Central Budgets and Budgetary Trends
• Fiscal Policy of India in the Liberalised Era
• Appendix I      :Tables – Statistical Information
• Appendix II    :Question Bank ( Review Questions in A,B,C pattern)
• Appendix III   :Objective Type Questions
• Multiple Choice Questions
• Fill in the blanks
• True or False Statements
• Matching Type

• Micro and Macro Economics and Fundamental Concepts
• National Income
• Social Accounting
• The Classical Theory of Employment & Equilibrium
• Money and Prices
• Keynesian Mcro Analysis
• Consumption Function
• The Multiplier
• Saving & Investment
• Marginal Efficiency of Capital
• Principle of Acceleration
• Rate of Interest
• Keynesian Model and Keynesian Cross
• Keynes' Theory of Money and Prices (Reformulation of the Quantity Theory of Money)
• Evaluationof Keynesian Theory of Employment
• Theories of Patinkin & Friedman
• Inflation and Deflation
• Business Cycle
• Policies and Objectives
• Monetary Policy & Credit Control
• Fiscal Policy
• Growth Models
• Statics and Dynamics
• Theories of International Trade
• Balance of Payments
• IMF and International Liquidity
• Monetarism Vs Fiscalism
• Cost of Living and Standard of Living
• Industrial Policy & Economic Liberalisation
• Liberalisation; Privatisation & Globalisation
• Contrinutions of Nobel Economists
• Macro Economic Scene in India
• Appendix – Question Bank
• Section A – Multiple Choice Type
• Section B – True or False Type
• Section C – Fill in the Blanks
• Section D – Matching Type
• Section E - Comprehensive Test
• Section F - Essay Type Test

• PART THREE – ENVIRONMENT: PROBLEMS, POLLUTION & QUALITY
• Distributive Effects of Environmental Policy
• Law and Environment
• Environment Management
• PART SEVEN – ENVIRONMENT: INTERNATIONAL
• International Environmental Policy
• Stockholm and Rio
• PART EIGHT – ENVIRONMENT IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM
• Environmental Trends and Solutions
• Vehicle Pollution
• Global Warming & Green House Effect
• The Biosphere and its pollution
• Water Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Noise Pollution
• Forest and Environmental Quality
• Soil Degradation and Land-Use
• Population and Urbanisation: Impact on Environmental Quality
• PART FOUR – ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: POLICIES AND STRATEGIES
• Pollution Control and Environmental Protection
• Fiscal Techniques : Effluent Charges and Subsidies
• Allocation of Property Rights : Coase Theorem, Pollution Permits and Refundable Deposits.
• Indian Environmental Policy & Performance
• PART FIVE – ISSUES & CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
• Cost – Benefit Analysis
• The Environmental Costs of Economic Growth
• Limits to Growth
• Environmental Issues in Different Types of Economics
• PART SIX – ENVIRONMENT: EDUCATION, LAW AND MANAGEMENT
• Environmental Education
• Challenges Ahead
• Glossary
• PART ONE - INTRODUCTION
• Definition, Role and Significance of Environmental Economics
• Environmental Ecology
• The Environment and the Economy
• PART TWO – BASIC CONCEPTS AND THEORY
• Basic Theory of Environmental Economics
• Environmental Quality as a Public Good
• Natural Resource Economics
• Conservation of Resources
• Energy Economics